Four Traditions of Geography Essay

Four Tradition of Geography The Four Traditions of Geography has many different assumptions and aspects of geography; aspects ranging from basic mapping and geometry, to the impact on nature of humans and the processes of the earth itself. Geographers can study and explain their research by selecting a certain tradition that leads to many different fields of geography. â€Å"There are four traditions whose identification provides an alternative to the competing monistic definitions that have been a geographer’s lot† (Pattison 1964). The following discussion treats the traditions in this order: (1) a spatial tradition, (2) an area studies tradition, (3) a man-land tradition and (4) an earth science tradition† (Pattison 1964). Pattison is exploring all the categories of geography and he is explaining how these different traditions can uncover the meanings of different studies of geography. â€Å"Going further one can uncover the meanings of â€Å"systematic geogra phy,† â€Å"regional geography,† â€Å"urban geography,† â€Å"industrial geography,† etc. † (Pattison 1964). Spatial tradition is an area of concentration that relies on geometry and movement. It also is the study of mapping as seen in the ancient Greece recordings of such, and it also deals with the GIS system. GIS is any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that are linked to a location. It explores the central place theory and how it is used in geography. Central place theory is the geography theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. Area Studies, just like the spatial tradition it has roots from many, many years ago. The Greek philosopher, Strabo, wrote an encyclopedia about geographical knowledge. â€Å"He is Strabo, celebrated for his Geography which is a massive production addressed to the statesmen of Augustan Rome and intended to sum up and regularize knowledge not of the location of places and associated cartographic facts, as in the somewhat later case of Ptolemy, but of the nature of places, their character and their differentiation† (Pattison 1964). The area-studies tradition was tended to be excluded from early American professional geography. Today, it is beset by certain champions of the spatial tradition who would have one believe that somehow the area studies way of organizing knowledge is only a subdepartment of spatialism† (Pattison 1964). It concentrates on the descriptions of regions in order to differentiate them from other regions and areas. Being able to understand geography in these terms can reveal the deepest knowledge of the world’s environment. The Man-Land tradition describes the human impact in nature and also the impact of nature on humans, and it also defines the nature disasters our world takes on. Social Darwinism simply grabbed a theory from the biosciences and applied it to social happenings without the lengthy process of trial and error for social data which led to environmentalism. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the environment. Man-Land gives us the basic perception on the environment and what is happening to it. The earth science tradition, embraces the study of the earth, the waters of the earth, and the atmosphere surrounding the earth and the association between the earth and the sun† (Pattison 1964). On two different hands of the topic, it is being used and then it is not being used. â€Å"On one hand, it is not always elected as the best tradition as it has been decreasing in use from past decades, while on the other one knows that college departments rely substantially, for justification of their role in general education, upon curricular content springing directly from this tradition† (Pattison 1964). It also acknowledges the human impact on the planet but mainly focuses on the planet itself and its physical processes. Geology, mineralogy, paleontology, glaciology, and meteorology all have rooted out of these studies. From reading â€Å"Four Traditions of Geography† and â€Å"In Search of Synthesis,† Area Studies tradition is my personal preference on this matter. Gober talks about the many different specialties that lie in between human and physical geography, and I grasped that I am more of a physical, on-hands doing person. With human geography you study societies as a whole and I am more interested in urbanization of the earth and how we can use the land we have in a fashion that is basically perfect. I am interested in the different regions because I am really fascinated in real estate and I figure I would learn a whole lot about the physical aspect of geography. I feel that I could really excel in real estate with this kind of learning. The Four Traditions of Geography has different definitions and aspects of geography. With the information given, people are given the opportunity to understand what geography is all about and be able to break geography down and select a certain practice from the very selective topic. â€Å"It is hoped that through a widened willingness to conceive of and discuss the field in terms of these traditions, geography will be better able to secure the inner unity and outer intelligibility† (Pattison 1964). William D. Pattison, The Four Traditions of Geography, (1964).

Brave heart and Leadership Theories

Brave heart is the movie chosen for discussion and the leadership concepts to be elaborated upon include Traits Theory, Transformational Leadership theory and Contingency Theory. Main characters of the story include William Wallace William who is basically a Scottish rebel and leads an uprising movement against Edward, who is the English Ruler. Since he grew up in a family where he lost his father and brothers in the quest of freeing Scotland, he takes upon him to free his land from the tyrannical ruler of England.William Wallace, as explained earlier, grew up in a household where everyone had been involved in the conquest of freeing their country from the ruler to end his tyrannical rule. In essence, Wallace grew up absorbing the traits and qualities of leadership, spirit and justice from his own family and household. The movie starts with the nobility of Scotland being hanged and Wallace’s father and brother going to fight against England along with their clan.Since then, Wa llace lived with his uncle and learnt his values of fighting and justice from there on. The trait theory justifies his thinking and logic during leadership since Wallace had been around fighting and nobility since his birth and therefore, learnt his skills and built his intelligence by being around the duels between Scotts and English. His legendary skills include his cunning and logic in the midst of fighting and war, and his bravery and intelligence in creating defense attacks for his cavalry.The next theory under discussion is the contingency theory of leadership. The contingency theory of leadership indicates that the leader adapts to various facilities and vicinities around him or her and develops a leadership style that fits the circumstances. In order to prove himself, Wallace undertook upon himself to become a leader for his clan and even though he was an ordinary man and not of noble birth, fight against the English to gain Scotland as a free nation.In the movie, we see tha t he basically had to prove himself before he became the leader for his crowd. This is an indication of the contingency theory, since he had to adapt to the circumstances before gaining the strength and trust of his clan around him. Therefore, he took action whenever it was required, and in many cases, risked his own life in order to save other peoples’ lives. He then went ahead to lead his people in wars and battles. Moreover, he would fight with all his might to win the battles he chose for himself.In that way, he would define his objective and fight for it to attain his objectives in the best possible manner. The contingency theory fits him in this regard, as we see that Wallace would adapt himself to the situation, and how the circumstances would call, and then he would show his strength and might to lead his people in the battles that ensued. The next theory under discussion is transformational leadership theory. As it is known, Wallace was not of noble birth, nor did he grow up learning to fight in battles.He was, nonetheless, an exceptional fighter and a strategist that led him to success and helped him lead people in battles. His only aim was to fight for freedom which was basically due to his circumstances and the way he grew up. His circumstances led him to put up a fight against the system and achieve his means which he did so quite successfully. He emulated success in his leadership since he grew up to be a fighter led through by his circumstances. His transformation came about by learning to live against the system and growing to fight against it.

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the Essay - 2

Critically discuss the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the new economy bubble and the banking crisis - Essay Example It is because of this reason that capital markets are considered to play a very significant role in the economic performance of any country, and therefore, they have a high influence on major economic indicators or drivers. Based on the significance of capital markets in the national economy of any country, this study seeks to discuss the view that capital markets created the conditions that led to the â€Å"new economy† bubble and the banking crisis. This study will support this view because of the simple fact that it has already been established that the capital markets plays a key role in the national economy and, therefore, it is equally able to create conditions that lead to bubbles and bursts within the economy. In order to validate this view, the essay will first discuss the concept of ‘new economy’ bubble and banking crisis and their correlation with the capital markets. The second part of the study will provide case examples, which will act as evidence to the fact that the capital markets created the conditions that lead to the new economy bubble and the banking crisis. The third part of the study will discuss the implications that globalization have on the capital markets. According to the writings by Kelly (1998), he referred to the term ‘new economy’ as the result of a shift that occurs when the economy moves from being based on the manufacturing sector to being based on the service sector. Alcaly (2003) noted in her research studies that this particular term was coined during the dot com bubble that occurred during the late 1990s and even the early part of 2000s. During this period, Alcaly (2003) argued that there were high levels of growth, which meant that there was an increase in the employment opportunities, and the inflation rate even declined, which resulted to optimistic predictions that were a bit exaggerated and based on irrational thinking. This is because the new economy era proved to have

Risk Management in Panama Canal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk Management in Panama Canal - Essay Example The papers highlight different risk analysis techniques that are applicable in analyzing risk, in Panama Canal. Risk analysis techniques used in forecasting are categorized in either qualitative or quantitative method. Qualitative techniques base their finds and conclusions on opinions and feelings of individuals. These include opinions and judgments of experts, consumers or scholars. Quantitative methods of risk analysis are based on numerical records over in the period. Quantitative analysis of different categories of project requirements and resources are recorded in the paper. The analysis includes meaning, standard deviation and means of all categories of resources, possible risks, costs, and conditions necessary for the Panama Canal project.The paper comprises of different steps and procedures taken in the development of the Panama Canal as highlighted by Kendrick (2006). Identification of the work and deliverables was the first step carried out in Panama Canal. Secondly, there was the organization of project work and clear determination of work breakdown structure on the Panama Canal project. Most of Stevens’s effects were utilized in the preparation of the initial work on the canal. Work breakdown structure is then decomposed into lower-level components that would be functional. These components are assigned identification codes. Lastly, examination of decomposition is carried out to assess whether the decomposed components are complete and clear.

Choose an entrepreneur and answer this to what extend do risk ,rewards Essay

Choose an entrepreneur and answer this to what extend do risk ,rewards and motives contribute towards an entrepreneurs goals - Essay Example Entrepreneurship exists in various forms. It may involve developing new ways of doing things and distributing products, starting a new business, as sources of information, and market middlemen. An entrepreneur is characterized by his search for opportunities that are unseen or ignored by others and taking risks on them in order to get a profit reward (Carsrud & Bra?Nnback, 2009: p35). With all the three factors seeming to play a role, the question is then raised as to the extent to which risk, reward, and motives contribute towards an entrepreneurs goals. This question was put to successful entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson. According to Branson, â€Å"The financial risks and rewards of being an entrepreneur have significant meaning in an entrepreneur’s motivation to open a business† (Personal Communication, 2013). There are several reasons for this, including the fact that over 50% of new start-ups fail in their initial four years (Roth, 2010: p67). Entrepreneurs, on av erage, he contends, will achieve less success over ten years in terms of income than they would have if they would have been employed. In addition, there does not seem to be any proof that entrepreneurs get better rewards if they start a business as compared to invest in stocks with the most likely result being that, from a risk perspective, they do not as much as they would have in the stocks market. However, Branson further says, even with these statistics, it is imperative to note that entrepreneurs account for 66% of British millionaires, despite making up only 20% of the entire labor force, while 80% of the millionaire entrepreneurs are â€Å"self-made†. From these statistics, it is possible to argue that the high risk in financial terms, coupled to the potentially high rewards, enhance the importance of intrinsic motives to an entrepreneur (Roth, 2010: p67). These intrinsic motives include purpose for entrepreneurship, for example, the ability to better the world, the f reedom, and autonomy that entrepreneurship will give an individual, and the reward of overcoming challenges and becoming a master. Branson says that, it is possible to think of the results of a hypothetical proposition, to show the enhanced role of motives over risk and reward. In order to gauge the tolerance to risk of entrepreneurs, three options are given to potential entrepreneurs. â€Å"They can earn a $10 million profit with the chance of success placed at 20%, $5 million of profit and a 50% chance they will be successful, and q $1 million profit for an 80% chance at success†, Branson posits (Personal Communication, 2013). While there is a general perception that entrepreneurs are all profit and risk seeking business people and that they would go for the first option, it is indicative that it is most likely that they will go for the 3rd choice (Casson & Buckley, 2010: p29). Entrepreneurs seek to go into business with the option of getting a higher profit but less of it. Therefore, for successful entrepreneurs like Sir Richard, reward is not as important to entrepreneurs in starting a new business. The creation of a new enterprise carries a lot of risk and uncertainty, which indicates that the entrepreneur’s motives carry more importance than financial rewards. For example, Richard contends that entrepreneurs

Describe how you would distinguish between the chronic forms of Essay

Describe how you would distinguish between the chronic forms of leukemia. The answer should include difference in presenting features of the patient, the prognosis and treatment - Essay Example Thus, four main types of leukemia emerged and include: acute and chronic myeloid leukemia (AML and CML) and acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ALL and CLL) (Ruddon, 2007, p. 75). The chronic forms of leukemia (CML and CLL) will be the focused of the paper. A gradual onset, a prolonged clinical course, and relatively long survival distinguished chronic leukemia from acute leukemia. The two types of chronic leukemia vary in terms of prevalence, presentation, treatment and prognosis. Chronic myeloid leukemia typically developed among men ages 40 and 50 while chronic lymphocytic leukemia rarely strikes before age 45 but most of the victims are over age 65 (Daniels and Nicoll, 2012, p. 771). Presenting features of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia varies. Majority of patients are asymptomatic, however, CBC can detect leukocyte counts of more than 100,000/ mm3 and patients may experience shortness of breath, slight confusion, and enlargement and tenderness of liver and spleen (Day, Paul and Williams, 2009, p. 1005). Lymphadenopathy is rare in CML and patients develop more symptoms (malaise, anorexia, and weight loss) and complications as the disease progresses. Meanwhile, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia present features of lymphadenopathy, elevated lymphocyte counts, fatigue, infection, experience of anxiety and lower quality of life, and social isolation (Daniels and Nicoll, 2012, p. 771). Available treatments for treating chronic myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia also vary. According to Rosdahl and Kowalski (2008), treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia includes observation, chemotherapy, multi-drug chemotherapies, and bone marrow transplant (p. 1050). Oncologists observe the patients for signs and symptoms of the disease prior to the initiation of treatment. Once necessity for treatment is determined, patient will receive chemotherapy or monoclonal antibody but this will not cure the disease. Patient may also receive radiation therapy in

Carry Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carry Trade - Essay Example While on the one hand exports are down and production are down, on the other hand a large number of job losses is causing further slide in economy. This raises the curiosity about the importance of carry trade in this scenario. Carry trade, as the name suggests is the trading activity that one indulges by carrying forward the returns or losses of the holdings by an individual or a business entity. Yen has been a popular instrument amongst the trading community as an important tool for holding foreign exchange and dealing in financial transactions. Selling the Yen at lower interest rates and then using the funds for purchasing higher interest currencies like dollar or pounds would yield considerable profits. Such a carry trade prospered, with the hope of sustaining the higher swap ratio and lower interest rates on Yen. But, with western economies reeling under recession, the Yen has considerably become strong, resulting in some loss making propositions for Carry trades. This has broug ht the issue of carry trade in focus. ... Such a carry trade prospered, with the hope of sustaining the higher swap ratio and lower interest rates on Yen. But, with western economies reeling under recession, the Yen has considerably become strong, resulting in some loss making propositions for Carry trades. This has brought the issue of carry trade in focus. This study is an effort towards analyzing the trends in Carry trade over the years and its impact on the economic conditions of different countries. An effort will also be made to foresee the futuristic trends while analysing and comparing the development of the markets. Chapter-1: Introduction Economic activities, financial services, and banking have experienced quite a few changes in the last couple of decades. With the opening up of economies, the industrial activities saw an upsurge on global scale. The financial system around the world also saw need to have a matching regulatory mechanism. The exchange rates became more transparent while investments in one region or country poured in from different corners of the world. The differences in rates of interests, prices indices, exchange rates led to a trading system termed as carry trade. 1.1 Background of the Study For many years the trading in foreign exchange has been a simple process. It basically involved buying the currencies with the highest returns while selling those with the lowest. Such a 'carry trade' helped in creating high returns with low volatility. This trend continued for many years creating bumper returns for some investors. Some analysts considered that Carry Trade violated the fundamental theories explaining the markets like the uncovered interest rate parity (UIP). The UIP states

Relationship between The USA Patriot Act & The Homeland Security Essay

Relationship between The USA Patriot Act & The Homeland Security - Essay Example It therefore it entails unlawful acts by organized groups aimed at sending their message to the government through violence, intimidation and attack on critical infrastructural facilities. In this paper I will be examining the strategic efforts by the United States to respond to, counter and deter future activities of terrorists on American soil as well as the entire globe. In the aftermath of the famous 9/11 attacks in new York, the US government through congress enacted a number of legislations aimed at increasing national the nations preparedness, response and deterrence of terrorism. Two legislations are central in informing national strategy against terrorism; there are, the USA Patriot Act and the Homeland Security Act both of which offer the necessary tools needed in intercepting and obstructing the act on America. This two acts ha since continued to play the central role of informing the USA’s efforts to counter terrorism in ways that are extremely significant. The USA Patriot Act was passed unanimously by the congress in October of the year 2001 providing the law enforcement agencies with the much needed tools for early detection and prevention of terrorism. It has improved national efforts at combating terrorism in a number of significant ways. The act has significantly increased capacity among law enforcers in terms of investigations; they are now able to use telephone transcripts, e-mail trails, financial records, medical and many others in studying suspected terrorists. This makes it easy together information on any foreign entities within the territorial confines of America. The act has also expanded Treasury Secretary’s powers in regulating financial conduct especially when foreign persons and organizations are involved. Law enforcers and immigration authorities also have more discretion when it comes to detaining and deporting any foreign immigrants on suspicion of association with terrorism (Bruce,

Where there is blame there is a claim Dissertation

Where there is blame there is a claim - Dissertation Example This proposal highlights what is the perception of the UK nation towards the prevailing compensation culture in UK? What is legal and overall cost associated with the compensation culture in UK? What is the implication of conditional fee agreements (CFAs) after the transition from legal aid? Whether this transition leads to increase or decrease in claim rates. And at the end what is the implication of this injury litigation system to the society? Brief rational statement Nowadays, compensation culture is a part of every economy. As long as consumers get aware of their rights, compensation culture has received more encouragements. Compensation culture has spread from US to UK. Because UK is an individualistic society and people are earning for they own, so they want recoveries of their losses, damages, illness and injuries. Therefore, this research paper will examine the growing compensation culture in UK. Overall research aims The overall research aim of this project is to examine th e growing compensation culture in United Kingdom. This topic is usually highlighted in media, newspaper and journals that depicts that U.K is facing a 'litigation crisis’ driven by ‘cash hungry accident victims’ (Edward Harvey, 2008). The purpose of studying this topic is to find the conflict between the opponents and supporters of compensation culture in UK and how it is affecting the societies in UK. ... Literature review will give us insight how litigation process works in UK, What are important factors of this process and what are the main drivers of growth in compensation culture in UK. Through this we can predict future trend in compensation culture in UK by analyzing perception towards this concept and its advantages and disadvantages. Proposed dissertation title Analysis of growing compensation culture in UK. Preliminary abstract Compensation culture has become one of the important parts of the every economy. It includes litigation culture. Compensation culture is complex issue and raises many questions regarding the benefits of this culture that whether this culture provides protection to the people against their losses and can they have compensation as their recoveries. The aim of this research proposal is to study the compensation culture with respect to five dimensions that are total cost of compensation, perception of compensation culture, implication of conditional fee ag reement, legal cost and implication of compensation culture to the society. Literature review which is done in this proposal will give us insight how litigation process works in UK, What are important factors of this process and what are the main drivers of growth in compensation culture in UK. Through this we can predict future trend in compensation culture in UK by analyzing perception towards this concept and its advantages and disadvantages. The research is an applied research since it is going to investigate about the compensation culture in UK. The primary data will be collected through self-administered surveys The study population is employees of public and private sector organization who work in different business

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global warming - Research Paper Example Scientists predicted that the average temperatures to be experienced in the U.S. could increase by 3 to 9 degrees by the end of the century if global warming is not reduced (Simpson, 2008). Causes of Global Warming Global warming is caused when carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases pile up in the atmosphere like a thick blanket, traps the sun's heat and cause the planet to warm up. Naturally, global warming is caused by the release of methane gas from the arctic tundra and wetlands. Methane being a green house gas, traps heat in the earth’s atmosphere. On the other hand, the man-made causes include air pollution and overpopulation population. Burning of fossil fuels causes pollution in the earth’s atmosphere. Silver (2008) states that coal and oil, are examples of fossil fuels that cause air pollution. When these fuels are burnt, they emit carbon dioxide, which is a green house gas. In addition, during the mining of coal or oil, methane is also dug out as i t is naturally in the ground. High human and animal populations naturally imply the need for more food and transport. Because of these two, more fossil fuels are used which means that more greenhouse gases are released in the atmosphere. With a high population, more agricultural activities are done with the aim of increasing the food supply to the growing population. Methane is produced by manure, which is mainly used in agriculture. The increasing populations also use more cars implying an increase in the use of fuels and resultant pollution. According to Silver (2008), carbon dioxide contributes to global warming. The rising level of carbon dioxide from animals’ breaths worsens the situation. Also, Humans are destroying forests without planting more trees. Trees are valuable in the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen. The trend is worsening the global warming experienced in the earth. Global warming cause for serious concern The Union of Concerned Scientists (2010) concl uded that these effects can cause serious destructions. The effects include reduced snow accumulation due to melting glaciers, severe droughts causing more deaths and water shortage, rising sea levels leading to coastal flooding. A warmer temperature in the sea causes stronger hurricanes, which cause serious damage of property in Southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The wild fires experiences may lead to more loss of trees in the environment. Some plant destruction may lead to the extinction of some animal species because of the global warming. Warmer temperatures causing bad things to happen The increased heat and the warm condition are causing many damages in different parts of the world today. Simpson (2008) notes that the hotter conditions are causing a rise in the water levels in the sea. The melting of glaciers and ice in Antarctica and the greensands is causing the rise. The snow accumulation has reduced and the winter season are taking shorter time. Due to the rise in wate r levels, hurricanes and floods have been experienced by different countries. The extreme heat condition has also caused deaths in India and Europe. Wildfires have also been experienced in some states in America, and floods have caused a lot of damage to property and peoples lives. Global warming and hurricanes The strength of hurricanes is increased by global warming. The hurricanes are getting stronger and dangerous than before. The warm oceans and tropical storms make the hurricane become more powerful than it used to be. The change in

Benefits and Challenges Essay Example for Free

Benefits and Challenges Essay Using your text and the article, Family Involvement in Early Childhood Education, give four examples of the benefits and challenges of a Family-Centered Approach. Each of the four examples should include the child, the family, and the teacher’s perspective. Benefits: The child: One huge benefit is emotional security. Some children entering an early childhood program have separation anxiety, they feel stressed and overwhelmed when their parents leave them at school. If the childs parent(s) are with them at school they can concentrate on learning and new discoveries at school. The child strengths and needs are also better understood in the class with the family present. Children also benefit by seeing the family and teacher interacting with each other in an adult manner by talking and sometimes having disagreements and resolving their issues as well. Children see teachers and parents developing positive, healthy relationships. Modeling good behavior is the best way for a child to learn. The Family: It is healthy for the family to be involved with their children at school, not only for the child but for the family as well. Families can feel alone at time if they have nobody around so the school can act as another family unit. Families need to be involved and aware of what their children are learning in school to see if it meets up to their family needs and if they are present they can see and hear what is being taught. It is also important to see how the child interacts with peers in a different setting rather than at home. Parents can learn from the teacher a better aspect of what the teacher is doing with the child during the day. The Teacher: The teacher can better accommodate the child if he/she has a better understanding of the family life as a whole. Families can help the teachers gain better strategies and guidance when working and observing different cultural backgrounds. Developing a strong partnership between the teacher and family will be beneficial to everyone. Parents can learn new things about their children by watching them with the teachers. Challenges: The Child: The child may torn and overwhelmed when the teacher is developing their emotional and social side when the parents want the child to learn at all times. If both parents work or if it is a single parent household, the child may look around at the other children with their families and feel sad that the he/she doesnt have his/her family. The teacher and parent may not agree on teaching methods and interfere with the childs learning. The Family: The family may have different views that can cause conflict with the teacher. Sometimes people just do not get along and if this is the case with the childs teacher and family it may have a negative effect on the childs learning. The family may not have the time to help the child out at school because of work. The Teacher: A teacher can easily judge a family, they need to be very cautious of this and stop it before it happens. Teachers can be more knowledgeable with their children and make the families aware of this and this may offend some of the families. It is difficult for the teacher to know every cultural background of the students. The teacher may get a lot of grief and disagreements if the family does not approve of the teaching method.

Troll Brothers SWOT Analysis Essay Example for Free

Troll Brothers SWOT Analysis Essay Toll Brothers designs, builds, markets and arranges financing for single family homes in middle and high income residential communities. It caters to ‘move-up’, ‘empty-nester’ and ‘age-qualified’ homebuyers. During the five years ended 2006, the company delivered 33,338 homes from 570 communities, including 8,601 homes from 350 communities in fiscal 2006 (Toll Brothers website, 2008). Its large scale of operations increases Toll Brothers bargaining power and helps it compete effectively against regional players. However, slowdown in the US housing market has resulted in lower demand for the companys products and has adversely affected its operations (Stabile and Whitten, 2000). The company offers comprehensive services for its customers. The company offers an extensive selection of colors and designs, such as marble and hardwood floors, Corian, granite, and a variety of selections for the homes exterior. The company’s offering of one-stop shopping enables home buyers to make all of their selections, both customization and color selections, in one location. In most of its single-family detached-home communities, the company offer at least four different house floor plans, each with several substantially different architectural styles. During the past year, the company introduced 112 new single-family detached models, 82 new single-family attached models and 81 new condominium models. In the homebuilding industry, consolidation has taken place with the largest builders making significant gains in market share. In 1991, the top ten builders built just 9% of the houses in the US, but by 2001, through a combination of internal growth and acquisition, the number had risen to 18%; in 2003, the number was above 20% (Hassell, Wong, Houser, Knopman and Bernstein, 2003). Homebuilding is an industry where small builders are having increasing difficulty in competing with their larger competitors. Compared to this, bigger companies like Toll Brothers could acquire smaller players to increase its share of the market. WORKS CITED Hassell, S., Wong, A., Houser, A., Knopman, D. Bernstein, M. (2003). Building Better Homes: Government Strategies for Promoting Innovation in Housing. Santa Monica, California: Rand. Stabile, D. Whitten, D. (2000). Community Associations: The Emergence and Acceptance of a Quiet Innovation in Housing. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Toll Brothers website. (2008). Toll Brothers. Accessed March 25, 2008, from http://www.tollbrothers.com.

Decision Making Processes in Firm Partnerships: Case Study

Decision Making Processes in Firm Partnerships: Case Study Summary of Case Charles Tollison was in the middle of an audit engagement when his managing partner told Charles that he was passed on for the promotion to and audit partner. This was not the first time that he had failed to be promoted to audit partner while at his firm. Charles has very little faith when his managing partner, Linton, said, promised that the following year he would vigorously campaign for Tollisons promotion and call in all the favors owed to him (Knapp, 2014). He was already passed on the position twice and had little faith he would ever get the position. One option Tollison had was to have a permanent position as senior manager with his current employer. The case states that Tollison was easily counted on to answer the more difficult issues that came across his department. One thing that Tollison was not good at was obtaining new clients for the firm. This seems to be a key factor of why Tollison was not promoted this year or even ever. Charles Tollison Qualifications of Partnership Position The methodology of determining if an accountant is qualified for a partnership depends on the firms way of evaluating the accountant. The methodology may be based on quality of work, ability to obtain new clients, or even have a specialized knowledge. The decision will also depend on what the firm needs at that point in time. These decisions are not always fair and the wrong person might be promoted. It seemed that Charles does have excellent quality work and he seems like the go to guy for difficult issues. I do not think personally that he was fully qualified for a partnership position. Quality of work is not the only quality that should be looked at when promoting someone to a partner. Tollisons Firm Fairness is not always possible in all situations, especially in situations where there are limited resources. In this case, the lack of promotion is unfortunate but I dont think unfair. I dont think he had all the qualities needed for this particular firm needed at that point in time. He seemed to be the go to guy for difficult issues that other people couldnt figure out. If he was promoted to a partner he would likely not be able to take on these difficult issues and not help the firm as much as a partner rather than a manager. Yes, it might seem unfair not to get promoted but you also have to think about what is best for the company over all. Evaluation Individuals for Promotion Some criteria that should be looked at when evaluating potential partners is quality of work, ability to obtain new clients, specialized knowledge, interpersonal skills, dedication and commitment to the firm, integrity, ethical behavior, success with difficult assignments, and professional reputation. In my opinion, larger firms main motivation is revenue and how partners can generate revenue with getting new client. I know my boss has told me stories about his friends at bigger Public CPA firms having a requirement to get a certain dollar amount of new revenue by obtaining new clients. If they did not reach this level or new revenue they would be terminated as a partner. To me this is obserb, I know I am not a sales person nor would I want to spend my time finding new clients. I would rather review audits and train the people under me to be good auditors. I think smaller firms would more likely look at dedication to the firm and maybe interpersonal skills. I am sure it is hard for a smaller firm to have constant partner changes so they would look for someone who would be there for the long run. Advantages and Disadvantages of Up or Out Supporters of the up or out promotion policy highlights the vitality created within an organization. Members of the organization are under constant pressure to innovate and improve on an ongoing basis. In theory, this pressure drives people to be better and in turn making the organization better. People who are against up or out promotion policy point out that the self-preservation and competition that up or out policy creates is not always in the best interest of the firm or their clients. That kind of policy may bring in employees that are only focused on the short term and may inadvertently force out employees with valuable skill sets that are important to the firm. I do not think that instilling fear into your employees is the best approach to improve themselves or improve the company.

The YMCA Essay -- essays research papers

The YMCA The YMCA has a very clear and concise mission statement. Their mission is "to put Christian principles into practice through programs thta build healthy spirit, mind, and body for all". The YMCA is the nation's largest not-for-profit community service organization in America. With more than 2,500 YMCAs, they are able to meet the health and social service needs of 18.9 million men, women and children in over 10,000 communities in the United States. No one is turned away from the Y. It is a place for people fo all faiths, races, abilities, ages and incomes. Inability to pay is never a reason for the YMCA to turn someone away. Their strength lies in fulfilling their goal of bringing people together. Not every community is the same. Therefore, each YMCA is different to accomadate these differing needs. The YMCA in your community may offer child care or teen leadership clubs. In the next town over, swimming lessons or drawing lessons may be of bigger concern. Every Y makes theri won decisions based on the needs of the community around them. They decide which programs to offer and how to operate. The YMCA was founded in London, England, in 1844 by George Williams and some friends who lived and worked as clerks in a drapery, a forerunner of drygoods and department stores. Their goal was to help young men like themselves find God. The first members were evangelical Protestants who prayed and studied the Bible as an alternative to vice. The first U.S. YMCA...

Freud :: Essays Papers

Freud The theories of Sigmund Freud were advanced and are very influential to modern society. This Austrian physician and neurologist is commonly considered as having one of the greatest creative minds of recent times. Throughout his entire childhood Freud had been planning a career in law. Not long before he entered the University of Vienna in 1873 Freud decided to become a medical student. In school he met a boy that was much older than him. Looking up to him and respecting his thoughts, Freud developed a wish to study law as this older student did, and interact in social activities. Also at this time Freud was interested in the theories of Charles Darwin. He heard Goethe's beautiful essay on nature read aloud and that made him decide to become a medical student.2 He was drawn to a study of science and he wanted to solve problems facing the scientists of his day.3 His intention was not to be a conventional doctor but pressed by his "greed for knowledge," he studied philosophical-scientific questions.4 One of the scientists he studied he studied with was a French psychiatrist named Jean Martin Charcot who was the director of a mental hospital. Freud was impressed a great deal while he was with Charcot. He took a lot of interest in his latest investigations upon hysteria. Charcot's demonstrations provoked in many people a sense of astonishment and skepticism.5 Charcot's influence channeled Freud's interest toward psychopathology. He was Freud's model and had an insatiable willingness to see and listen.

Versatile Change Strategy: Thriving in a Complex World Essay -- busine

Abstract This paper presents a perspective of the multifaceted components associated with change and offers insight on the strategy to effectively manage the change. For the purpose of exploring an actual change process, I have chosen the area of increasing productivity and the rising demands organizations have today to do more with less. I have chosen the subject because of the critical nature of the requirement to change and the firm belief that organizations that do not take a pro-active and holistic approach are destined to fail. Surviving and thriving in a multifaceted world requires a versatile change strategy. There must be more variety in the strategy than in the system you are trying to change (Bennet & Bennet, 2004). This is similar to a common saying that implies we cannot envision the future or change the present with the same thought or intellect processes that we carry from the past or that we used to get to the present. One way of looking at accomplishing the task of breaking out of the old mold is to use a combination of past experiences and adding them to current realities and then projecting a vision of the future to be created with the synergy created by the all of the joined forces. The ICAS (Intelligent Complex Adaptive System) change strategy refers to a connectedness of choices. This means having a clear direction for the future with a cohesive understanding of why that direction is desirable coupled with individual decisions, support, knowledge and sharing and some common beliefs and values (Bennet & Bennet, 2004). Conventional wisdom cannot alone sustain the strategy, and is many times restricted by habit and pre-conceived notions. Habits are funny things. We reach for them mindlessly,... ...Natural Intelligence. Boston. Red Wheel/Weiser. Moore, Christopher. (1996). The Mediation Process. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Robbins, S., & Judge, T. (2007). Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Doubleday. Chapter 11 Page 11 Shani, A, & Pasmore, W., (1985). Organization Inquiry: Towards a New Model of the Action Research Process. Glenview: Scott, Foresman. Van de Ven, A., (1986). Central Problems in the Management of Innovation. Management Science. pp. 590-607. Wells, S., (2001). Making Telecommuting Work. HRMagazine. October. pp. 34-45. Zivnuska, S., Kiewitz, C., Hochwarter, W., Perrewe, P., & Zellars, K., (2002). What Is Too Much Or Too Little? Journal of Applied Social Psy

Discuss Marxist’ Theory of Alienation

OUTLINE AND ASSESS MARX’S CONCEPT OF ALIENATION When considering the concept of sociology and its definition, one immediately thinks of trying to understand the world in which we live. However, for Karl Marx we should not only understand the world, but also seek to actively change it (Macintosh, 1997). The concept of alienation differs in terms of its sociological meaning in relation to that of the psychological definition and has been used to describe many other phenomena’s over the last four centuries.The aim of this essay is to assess the concept of alienation according to Karl Marx and explore his theory relating to four differing perspectives assigned to this, whilst also researching its historical roots and any relevance in today’s society. The concept of alienation in relation to sociology was developed by Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German philosopher, political economist, revolutionary and the founding father of Communism. His ideas for this theory originat ed in the writings of Feuerbach, who along with George W.F Hegel, were major influences on Marx. However, unlike Feuerbach, who believed that religion had a negative impact on human experience and that man was alienated from god, Marx considered man to be alienated from man in a social context. Indeed, Marx criticised Feuerbach’s work entitled ‘The Essence of Christianity’, which was published in 1841 for not developing the concept of alienation further by linking it to economic production strategies.In it, Feuerbach insists that visions of god being similar to their own image allow for them to alienate themselves from this fictionally created character. Therefore, issues regarding low self esteem and other social or personal problems can be diluted by visiting places of worship. He insists that guidance, leadership and solace can be found within the church. Indeed, Feuerbach argued that the church was used by the government as state apparatus to control society (Hughes et al, 1995 pp. 29-30).Marx took these points onboard and rather than relate them to religion, embraced it to include the notion that alienation was an objective condition associated with the social and economic attributes of capitalism, thus leading to alienated labour. For Hegel, human thoughts were continuously developing and advancing throughout history, thus providing a more knowledge and rational understanding of society (Hughes et al, 1995, pp. 25-26). Unlike, Marx, who states materialism and economic power, shapes our thinking, Hegel insists it is the other way round and that mind shapes matter.In other words, our knowledge shapes the need and inventiveness needed to shape future materials. Historically, according to Hegel, by exploring previous economic processes, then the material base on which societies, institutions and ideas are built are in evidence due to rational logic and natural progression. Marx however, disagrees with this theory. He believes that such ab stract ideas did not exist and therefore provided limited explanations relating to the social world. The true nature of human experience therefore and life were totally under emphasised.His theory of historical materialism was constructed further in future writings. ‘The first historical act is . . . the production of material life itself. This is indeed a historical act, a fundamental condition of all of history’ (Marx & Engels, 1976). His many writings, which spanned four decades, underpin what has become known as Marxist theory and are used to develop our understanding of many areas relating to social life (Abercrombie et al, 2000). However, Marxist theory is primarily based around the class conflict of the bourgeoisie, i. . ruling class who own the mode of production and the exploitation of the proletariat, i. e. working class who are forced into selling their labour. The 3 stages relating to the industrial revolution have led to his alienation theory being supporte d by many sociologists. First came the agricultural revolution (1700-1800), followed by the industrial revolution (1800-1950). The final stage of these phenomena was the service revolution from the 1950s to the present day. Economic and surplus values are at the heart of Marxist theory.For Marx, alienation is an objective condition associated with the social and economic attributes of capitalism and results in alienated labour. The main use of Marx’s theory relating to this concept is in relation to the form of labour in any given capitalist society. However, he also talks of ‘alienation’ in the sphere of social and economic relations (Turner, 1999) Marx argues that humans are denied their basic natural essence, and as such was only realised in their labour. This allowed for a creative activity which was carried out in unison with others.Marx was of the opinion that people transformed a world outside themselves. Now the processes relating to production were one o f ‘objectification’. By this he means that man now produces material objects that embody human creativity, yet leaves them feeling detached and separated from the creator. Once the product is objectified, man no longer recognises himself in the product and autonomous manufacturing techniques leave him feeling alienated. Within capitalist societies Marx identified four levels of separation resulting in the concept of alienation. 1) Within a capitalist society the worker has no control over the fate of their production, therefore alienating them from the results of their labour. Although having been involved actively in the production of such commodities the worker is left feeling subdued, unattached and emotionally removed from the end product. This is now controlled by others, and as increased production multiplies, so does the division and separation of the labour process. (2) The worker is alienated from the act of production. For Marx, no individual satisfaction is a chieved as the worker’s own creativity is alienated from production.Furthermore, external constraints forced upon the worker removes any attachment from the’ fruits of their labour’ and in doing so, the product ceases to be an end in itself with work becoming merely a commodity. To the worker, the saleability of the product is their only concern. (3) The worker is alienated from their ‘specific being’ or human nature. Marx states that the individual’s human qualities are deprived. This is due to the first two levels of alienation, as outlined above, reducing the workers creative production activities and thus removing themselves from their natural self being and converting them into social animals. 4) The worker is separated from other humans. The emergence of capitalism has transformed human social relations into market relations. According to Marx, people are now judged, not be their human qualities and attributes but rather by their positi on within the market (Giddens, 1970). For example the separation of labour is also the separation of man from man in relation to class conflict and competition and also lends theory to their alienation of the products of their labour.Capital itself can also be seen as a source of alienation because its accumulation generates its own needs which reduce people to the level of commodities (Haralambos, 1998). The above four levels of separation and alienation of man is intrinsically linked and can be used to identify phenomena in regards to any society. Many pro-capitalist economists agree with Marx’s theory that all humans are treated as commodities that can be rented and that everything can be traded for monies. For Marx, this ensures that the gap between rich and poor widens, with both lasses pushing in opposite direction. However, he attacks other economists’ interpretations of the causes of capitalism and believes that they do not distinguish between both capitalists and the workers. Marx argues that competition is seen as an enforcement mechanism of the capitalist’s mode of production (Reiss, 1997). According to Marx, as all aspects of feudalism are connected, then so too are all aspects relating to capitalism. He is quoted as saying, ’’the worker becomes the poorer the more wealth he produces’’ (Marx, 1976).In other words, as the worker increases production, this only enriches their bosses whilst they still remain poor. Capitalist economists however, view each aspect of feudalism as an accidental corruption in relation to capitalism. Marx also explores the historical development of alienation and its intrinsic link to the division of labour. As society changes and tribes and villages continue to expand, so too does the division of labour (Rius, 1996). For society to survive trade and exchange must occur.This leads to more growth in exchangeable goods which in turn leads to an upsurge in use-value and exchange -value commodities. When considering use-value, this relates to how in demand a commodity may be of use to the individual. However, exchange-value relates to what commodities can be traded for other objects. For Marx, commodity fetishism has attributed to the alienation of man from the fruits of their labour (cowling, 1989). There are many examples of alienation in today’s society. The term Fordism originates from Henry Ford and the techniques he initiated to instil mass production.Indeed, his ideas and practices are still dominant in today’s society and are at the forefront of all technological mass production facilities and businesses. To enable production on such a large scale, Ford redesigned the whole manufacturing capabilities of his workforce. Unlike industrialists of the nineteenth century where skilled labour and handmade crafts were a necessity in the making of goods, Ford recognised an ability to mass produce by giving individuals a particular task in relati on to their labour duties.This would be made possible by re-designing all machines to carry out one specific purpose, rather than numerous functions (Watson, 2003). As such, there was now no need for skilled persons in which to operate machines. Individuals were now taught how to use particular machines which they would now carry out monotonously for the rest of their employment. This de-skilling technique ensured minimum waste and maximum output as the machine only had one way in which to operate. Ford realised that once you standardise the design of the car, you can standardise the whole production system.Thus, with the standardisation of machinery producing standardised parts, it now allowed for mass reproduction as all parts are identical therefore interchangeable. Although production of Fords automobiles had increased rapidly, the initiation of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s (1856-1915) scientific management system would ensure mass production on an even larger scale. Taylor was the man who introduced ‘time and motion’ studies to the workplace. He carried out an experiment on a pig iron gang at work. By observing their working habits, Taylor was able to redesign their work pattern.Like Ford, his task was to break a job down into standardised parts. He initially listed a set of rules to which the workers must comply to and then instructed them when to start, walk, lift and stop. Once the experiment was complete Taylor found that their productive output had increased by 400%. Taylor’s results would now allow for managers to command instructions to staff who would carry out tasks they specifically assigned to. This would undoubtedly lead to a separation of labour and also man’s alienation from man, as people who had previously worked side by side where now given specific tasks (Hughes et al, 1995).Ford would eventually instil Taylor’s scientific management technique into his workplace to generate even more productivity. T o do this Ford introduced the assembly line. Before this point, many of his employees worked unsupervised and at their own pace. However, with the emergence of assembly lines, workers now had to work in unison with the speed of the production line, and not that of the individual. This technique has greatly enhanced fords production levels and as such, Fords’ automobile plant in River Rouge USA, is now the largest in the world.By the 1990s over 10,000 people were employed there and over 90,000 cars and trucks were being produced each year (Watson, 2003). . Other examples which support Marx’s theory on alienation include multi-national companies such as McDonalds and Burger King, who epitomise our need for fast food productivity and back up his argument of commodity fetishism. Regardless of which outlet of McDonalds visited, the consumer will receive identical foodstuff and levels of service due to the standardisation of the product (Huczynski, 1991). Also, such companie s are immediately recognisable due their uniforms and company logo.Mass reproduction is applied to give the consumer a standardised food source which consists of various items such as burger, bun, relish and tomato. A time scale is also in place and many of the products on offer are controlled by a timer which goes off when certain items such as French fries and burgers are deemed ready. The main objective is to get the product to the consumer as quickly as possible with the minimum fuss. This is made possible by the way each McDonalds’ outlet is designed. By using both Fordism and Taylorist techniques workers can produce vast amounts of food that can then be passed onto the consumer within seconds.Marx’s concept of alienation is evident here as there is no need for skilled workers such as cooks and chefs to be employed due to the nature and resulting end product of such businesses (Huczynski, 1991). A critique of Marxist theory would be to suggest that if alienation i s produced and enacted by humans, then surely they also have the ability to change and reverse it. It is also contradictory as individuals opinions of alienation differ in relation to each person’s objective situation and consciousness.Although it cannot be denied that workers within capitalist societies do contribute to the common wealth as stated by Marx, the emergence of flexi-time, paid holidays and overtime empowers the worker and enables them to generate extra sums of money for themselves (Watson, 2003). Also, working for someone else may perhaps lessen the burden experienced by others, such as those who own small businesses. It is easy to engage Marx’s suggestion that workers lack rights, and there is much evidence to support this with the emergence of sweatshops and low paid immigrant workers (Rattansi, 1982).However, trade unions play a significant part in readdressing these issues by way of fair representation. Many jobs available to the masses today, do in f act, alienate workers and help establish capitalist theories, but humans have the freedom to change jobs or start their own businesses and trade unions are also in place to protect and represent employees (Giddens, 1971) His ideologies can also be construed as outdated as most of his concepts and terminologies are from over 100 years ago.Man may have been separated by man in relation to labour over centuries, but although this may be true in some aspects, technology and working conditions have rapidly improved over the same period. We also have the ability to influence each other rather than work in isolation. It appears that his concepts of alienation, although significant in his earlier political works and in lending credibility to research at that particular time, are rarely given a second thought in his later writings.For this reason it could be argued that Marx no longer held the opinion that the alienation of man and the collapse of capitalism was a foregone conclusion. BIBLIO GRAPHY Abercrombie, N. Hill, S and Turner, B. (2000) Dictionary of Sociology Penguin Book Cowling, M & Wilde, L. (1989) Approaches to Marx, Open University Press Giddens, A. (1971) Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, C. U. P. Giddens, A. (1970) Marx, Weber and the development of capitalism Haralambos, M. (1986) Sociology – a new approach, Causeway Press LtdHuczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (1991) Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall Hughes, J. A. , Martin, P. J. , & Sharrock, W. W. (1995) Understanding Classical Sociology, London: Sage Macintosh, I. (1997) Classical Sociological Theory. Edinburgh University Press Marx, K. , & Engels, F. (1976 [1845-46]) the German Ideology, Part 1 London: Lawrence & Wishart. Rius, E. (1996) Introducing Marx, Icon Books Turner B, (1999). Classical sociology. 1st ed. Uk: Sage. Watson, Tony J. (2003) Sociology, Work and Industry Routledge

Bata Shoes Ltd Case study Essay

how has Bata acted with contrary form _or_ arranging of authorities-making bodysQuestion 1Following the First institution warf ar the Austro-Hungarian empire was fragmented into Austria, Czechoslovakianoslovakianoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia. During this period the Czechoslovakian body politic was conceived as a parliamentary country, with the constitution of 1920 giving the central semi policy-making relation a mellow spot of go everyplace local anesthetic authorities. Czechoslovakia, in particular, dictum rapid frugal growth during the 1920 brought intimately by foreign intrustment and advances in manu eventuring technology. The body politic proved specially allure for foreign investors such as the British, French, Belgian and Dutch due to low craunch costs and readily available immanent resources.Only in the brake shoe industry the foreign capital played no outstanding role. Thanks to a monopoly countersink of Bata Works Czechoslovaki a held the first place among the k right offledge bases make iting shoe exportati wizardrs in 1930s after over winning ample Britain and the USA. In 1938 interference by Hitler resulted in the old Slovak and Ruthenian demands for autonomy finally been granted. Czechoslovakia was strip of one third of its territory containing just about of its nearly eventful industrial centres and most fertile farm-land, leaving the rural economically crippled.Following this Bata realised his business did non ingest good future prospects if it were to detain in Czechoslovakia. He sought to play along routines and preserve the business by moving to Canada as the awkward was mooted as a safer run environment, approximately(prenominal) economically and governmentally.Bata move to Canada, along with one century of his staff and families, would give ear the smart set and its workers having to aline to exploits in a some(prenominal)(predicate) political system to Czechoslovakia, t he first of numerous adaptations they would restrain to arrest as the smart set expanded across the globe.The relocation in Canada was a big change for Bata, as the organisation there wear outs significant political occasion to the provinces which all(prenominal) gift their take in flip barriers. This is a big line of business to Czechoslovakia, where the central government has great power over the provinces. However, Canada was seen as actually politically and economically change slight in semblance to Czechoslovakia disdain the political differences mentioned higher up.With op geological erations in over 60 countries across the world, Bata contain runs as a decentralised operation in order to allow its managers to arrange operating procedures to local environments. However impish control of Batas core philosophies and strategies ar in place, even though these whitethorn be antithetical from that of the arna the operation is in and the managers and workers diligent there. This could potentially work problems if pursued too rigorously. However, the text states that Bata does interact with foreign political systems with Thomas G.Bata change of location extensively to check on feel control and to ensure good traffic with the governments of the countries in which Bata races. This inter motion is particularly important as I feel Bata nonchs a spot of key pull ins to galore(postnominal) of the countries it chooses to invest in such as change magnitude economic stability due to their project intensive operations and policy of purchase materials locally.The countries Bata operates in vary in the pith of political and economic devoiddom they qualifying to their citizens and companies operating there. The eggshell states that Bata does non win cytosine pct of the factories it has in virtually countries. It calculates that Bata prefer to own 100 percent of their factories, but argon go forthing to agree if the politic al situation requests. This intromits taking minority self-control, or in whatever cases providing licensing, consulting and proficient assistance where it does not throw away an beauteousness interest in a domain. Bata seem to work this policy well as they have the flexibility to cope with these different operating environments. I believe this is a sensible policy as it allows Bata invasion into grocery stores that whitethorn be herald clean-handedr and much thriving in the future.Bata serves its markets by producing in each market all it pull up stakes cover there. It depart buy raw materials locally and achieves economies of scale due to its processes creation very labour intensive. One whitethorn signify that the overlook ofexports would make Bata a little attractive prospect for the host countries as little outside money is feed into the preservation. However, since operations ar labour intensive there leave behind be a great public assistance fro m the job opportunities created. The chief(prenominal) issue that causes problems to arise in whatever countries is if raw materials are imported into the countries in question rather than being brought locally. In such cases the case states that Bata must go down the stairs to local laws and requirements for operation. However, by commonly buying raw materials within the countries Bata operates in it appears to work well with the governments concerned.The main driving force force underside Bata choosing not to export goods is the security that operating domestically brings, such as the avoidance of problems associated with exporting standardised if an importing country were to restrict trade. Bata manifestly feels that stability is of key importance to its strategy, particularly in many of the less economically essential areas in which it operates. In these countries there are not the laws to protect workers rights and forethought income in cartridge clips of unemployme nt, so if a factory were to close the essence would be very hard hitting to the workers and would potentially ruin Batas political dealing permanently.Bata operates in countries with varying degrees of freedom. Tom Bata Snr. prefers to operate in parliamentary countries as these offer the chance to discuss issues, whereas totalitarian regimes do not. However, Bata have still operated under roughly Totalitarian regimes such as southeasterly Africa, Chile and Uganda.In Uganda Bata has had its operations bailiwickised and de-nationalised double trance operating under a violent and repressive regime that see the expulsion of many skilled foreigners. Bata took the view that pile would still enquire jobs and raiment whatever political system they were victuals under, a similar view that has been uttered recently by many people talking about Iraq. in that respectfore operations would continue. Bata bene receiveed as the way it operated fitted in with the Ugandan governments po licy of becoming more than egotism sufficient, rather than relying on imports. This is because Bata obtained its raw materials from with the country and offered the stability of sellingin their office market. Bata in assenting helped the government with a arcsecond policy that aimed to promote links amongst agriculture and industry, with the raw materials coming from hobnailed areas. The move presence of Bata in Uganda, scorn the expulsion of many foreign workers, reinforces its cartel in local workforce, which in morsel helped build trust.By fitting in with these policies Bata was able to operate in Uganda spell many other companies were forced to leave, and benefit from a 98% share of the shoe market. Bata followed a similar model in Chile where Pinochet noticed the country for a period of time while the political party operated there. A shit Bata saw no pauperisation to leave to country as it viewed its enthronement there to be long term, in which time different political systems would come and go, but people would always need jobs and shoes. Many of the benefits offered by Bata to Uganda were also of benefit to the Chilean government and people.The regimes in both(prenominal) Uganda and Penochet Chile both suffered from poor adult male rights records. Bata was therefore put under some pressure to withdraw from these countries by various parties including governments and world-wide organic laws. However, Bata was always able to postulate that it had been in the countries far longer than the regimes in place and had seen many come and go. Its unsubdivided reason for being there was the fact that people needed shoes, and it was in a good position of providing this basic need. atomic number 16 Africa caused far greater problems for Bata. Here the uniform type of extreme regime was seen as in countries such Uganda and Chile. The difference for Bata was that to the south Africa attracted far more public economic aid across the globe. T he Canadian government took a very negative view of Canadian countries having interests in southernmost Africa. Maybe more importantly public opinion and cognition about the regime in southern Africa were to have a big effect on the company. Bata possibly realised that if it continued to operate in sulphur Africa it would encounter of infection alienating itself from its consumers in countries such as Canada and the US and set itself up for banter by the super number of international organisations opposed to apartheid.In this situation it was important for Bata to interact with the various political systems regard to withdraw operations from South Africa while causing minimum disruption. It sold its attribute in South Africa in 1986. It did not identify the buyer or the gross sales price, and it denied that apartheid was the reason for its pulling out, citing that all factors had been interpreted into account with respect to its enthronisation. Bata ensured that the Bata name and label could not be used by the buyer and that the jobs of the workers in its coiffures would be preserved.why they now operate in Czech Rep, but not Slovakia.Question 2Czechoslovakia has being subject to turbulent time in the period following terra substantiala War II. With the advent of commie rule countries were very much formed from different heathenish groups held to disturbher by totalitarian rule, as was the case here. The break-up of the communist bloc in 1989 resulted in the disintegration of countries such as Czechoslovakia, that would be split into two strong-minded nations The Czech commonwealth and Slovakia.The fact that both of these countries are now free from communist rule does not necessarily think about that they are free. supernumerarydom office is an organisation that monitors the political rights and complaisant liberties of countries around the world and rank them to the degree that freedom exists. on a lower floor is a summary of the asse ssment they give to the Czech nation and Slovakia.Since 1972, liberty House has published an annual assessment of state state of freedom by designation each country and territory the situation of Free, Partly Free, or Not Free by averaging their political rights and complaisant liberties ratings. Countries whose feature averages for political rights and for civil liberties fall between 1.0 and 2.5 are designated free between 3.0 and 5.5. artly free? and between 5.5 and 7.0 ot free.?As we can see from the chart above, both countries are now considered politically free. However, economically Slovakia still lags behind the Czech republic. It has being politically free for less time and lacks consistency in the freedom scores it achieves, suggesting that the political system may be subject to some unbalance. Bata express concern relating to Slovakia not being economically free in the case. As The Czech Republic is clearly come on along in its progress to economic freedom than is Slovakia, Bata is in all probability to face comfortably less government intervention in its business. Private space ownership and protection, property rights, and economic competition are probable to be more common in the Czech Republic making the operating environment more stable.In Slovakia, Bata is likely to face greater political risks. There is likely to be more political instability in Slovakia, commonly an index number that there is also a lack of economic freedom. It also appears from the case that Slovakia may not have a very positive attitude toward foreign investment, despite Bata roots in the region.Bata would benefit from investment in both the Czech republic and Slovakia. From a nostalgic point of view, Bata will be able to return to the home country. Bata will also gain inlet to large facilities and a huge market in Eastern Europe and the motive Soviet Union.The Czech Republic and Slovakia would also benefit from Batas investment themselves. They would gain access to Bata global design, production, and marketing expertise. They will be able to design better, more fashionable, and more reasonably priced shoes. The Czech Republic and Slovakia might be able to get Bata to invest significant capital into the plant to get it up to world-class standards. Bata will create new jobs for Czech and Slovakian workers, especially as the processes are rather labour intensive. Bata also has a policy of buying raw materials locally, benefiting the host countries miserliness as a whole.There are some disadvantages of investment for both parties too. Bata may be forced to pay stipend for its own plants if the company chooses to invest in Slovakia. There is also a reasonably higher risk of political instability and economic restrictions in the country. There are also disadvantages for the countries involved. Bata may actually have better production processes than are shortly employed in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Therefore they may actually re quire less workers than are legitimately employed in the factories so workers would be do unemployed. Bata do not export goods so do not bring as much foreign capital into the country as maybe would be evaluate by a company of their size.Bata reentered the Czech Republic and not Slovakia because the two countries have very different economic environments. The Czech Republic is moving more apace than Slovakia toward a free market system. Slovakia are also in dispute with Bata regarding the ownership of the companies causation factories in the country. The Slovak government appear disinterested in helping to act the problem by implementing new laws to make it very difficult for companies in the self alike(prenominal) situation as Bata to regain their former property without either reaching commensurateness with the new owners or by taking expensivelegal action. When feel at this evidence it looks advantageous for Bata not to attempt to reinvest in Slovakia at present.Explai n the current situation and relate to probable causes mentioned aboveThe political environment can have a dramatic impact on the operations of a firm. For sample managers in most western European countries may be accustomed to a stable political system and a relatively homogenous population. This is often not true in other countries. A political system integrates the parts of a hostelry into a viable, functioning unit. Sometimes that is a very difficult task. A country political system influences how business is conducted domestically and internationally.The basic political ideologies of a country are the body of ideas, theories and aims that constitute a socio-political program. The ultimate test of any political system in its ability to hire a society together despite pressures from different ideologies tending to split it apart. History, culture, language, religion, geography and political ideologies help define national borders.Forms of government range from Democracy to T otalitarianism. Democracies commonly have economic freedom and laws that sentry duty individual and corporate rights and are often preferred by investors. The more developed democracies tend to have the following characteristics. license in the areas of political rights and civil liberties are particularly important in democracies. These are measured by the organisation granting immunity House using a number of indicating factors, and the results compiled to rank countries according to their degree of freedom. In 1998, 88 of the worlds countries were free and 50 were not free. Free countries are high in both political rights and civil liberties, whereas those countries who deny their citizens basic political rights and civil liberties are not free. In addition 53 countries were partly free, with limited political rights and civil liberties, often in the stage setting of corruption, weak rule of law, ethnic engagement or civil war.Despite the large proportion of countries claimi ng to operate democratic governments, many new democracies around the world are not yet stable with fewer political parties and corruption threatening the systems survival. Examples include Indonesia and some countries from the former Soviet union. Businesses should be cautious when looking to invest in these areas.In some(prenominal)ize to democracies, totalitarian regimes offer far less political and economic freedom. Forms of totalitarianism include fascism (Mussolini Italy), authoritarianism (Chile under Pinochet), and communism. Communists believe in the equal distribution of wealth, which entails total government ownership and control of resources.Political systems have a great impact on management decisions. This includes political risk and government intervention in the economy.Political risk occurs when there is a possibility that the political climate in a foreign country will change in such a way that the operations ofinternational companies in that country will deteri orate. Types of political risk include government takeovers of property, operating restrictions, and agitation that damage the company performance. Such problems can be caused by changing opinions of political leadership, civil disorder, and changes in external relations (such as ire between the home and host country governments.We can see many examples of the above in the Bata case. The companies operations were taken over in Czechoslovakia with the advent of communist rule. They are subject to operating restrictions in several countries where they are not allowed to have 100 percent ownership of their plants. Animosity between the home Canadian government and the South African host government during the Apartheid era was a contributing factor that lead to Batas eventual withdrawal from South Africa. Civil disorder and strike action has affected the companies operations in several countries over the years.Government intervention in the economy occurs because some governments adopt an ndividualistic image?and keep intervention in the economy at a minimum. Others adopt a ommunitarian paradigm?wherein the government plays a large role in the economy. They thrive on a respected, centralised bureaucracy with a stable political party or coalition in power.If a U.S. firm moves from the United States (individualistic) to Germany, Japan, or South Korea (communitarian), it may have to develop new strategies for its relationships with government, suppliers, customers, and competitors. Bata study evidence of adapting to different environments as the case states that the company is run as a decentralised operation in which its managers are free to adjust operating procedures to local environments. This highlights how the company acknowledge the need to be flexible in order to fit in under varying restrictions depending where in the world they are.Stable democracies are usually seen as the safest operating environment for businesses. In the Bata case Tom Bata Snr state s that he prefers a democratic system a democracy offers the potential to discuss and change proceedings, whereas under totalitarianism it is sometimes wisest to remain profound. However, one must remember that not all democracies operate in the same way. For example the degree to which citizens are involved in thepolitical process and the degree of centralised control.In the case Bata relocate from Czechoslovakia to Canada. Here the provinces have significant political power at expense of the national government. Many provinces have their own trade barriers. Companies often have difficulty find out how to operate in decentralised democratic systems because they face many different laws and regulations. For example different tax laws. For this reason one assumes that Bata carefully chose exactly which state it would relocate to when it moved to Canada.Bibliography?Kurian, George Thomas 1992. Encyclopedia of the one-third World, fourth edition, volume III, Facts on turn on New Y ork, N.Y., pp. 2009-2011.?Source Byrnes, Rita M. (ed.) 1992. Uganda A expanse Study, Library of Congress Washington D.C. p. 123?The accounting of Slovakia (1929 1938) From Wall Street Crash to Munich http//www.adc.sk/ slope/slovakia/index.htm?Skilling H. G. ed. Czechoslovakia 1918-88. MacMillan Academic and Professional LTD., 1991.?J.D. Daniels and L.H. Radebaugh, internationalist Business, purlieu and Operations, 9th Edition 2001, Prentice hallway. Ch 3?D. Holt and K. Wiggington, International Business, Second Edition ?2002, Harcourt College Publishers, Ch 3?Freedom House, http//www.freedomhouse.org/?R. Griffin and M. Pustay, International Business, A managerial perspective, Third Edition ?2002, Prentice Hall

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

Infrastructure is currently an agency, instead of an asset.Thus, a foundation in which an organization can determine how to achieve current and future aims. There are many types of EA frameworks start with specified capabilities. Some of these frameworks include ToGAF, Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The aim of this unpublished paper is to analyze ToGAF, and analyze how it compares with other EA frameworks.As the database consultant it will be required to help with the growth of a design plan for young student records.Business architecture allows the definition of governance, business strategy, the organization and any other important processes of the given organization.Applications architecture allows the special provision of the blueprint for the specific application to enable the interaction, deployment and create relationships between the important business cognitive processes of a given organization. Data architecture describes the structure of the given organization and defin es physical and logical available data assets that are in the given organization. Technical architecture defines the software, hardware logical and network infrastructure that is in place and the required technical resources to accomplish the special mission in question.

Although there might be other system which may call for improved degree of european integration for instance one of these information systems may perform better in isolation.Its ability to be tailored ensures that organizational needs are factored in each of the different execution steps of the architecture planning process. The process is usually cyclic and iterative because the entire process is split into phases. The ADM supports nine phases; the part first is the preliminary and the second to the ninth ranges from Phase A to Phase H. Each phase requirements are checked and ensured that it fulfills its basic needs.Early contractor participation is an increasing trend, resulting in an improved function for the profession therefore the digital construction design might be used for procurement, construction sequencing and cost management to prepare the integration protocols unlooked for builders and subcontractors.Enterprise Continuum brings together Solutions and Architecture Continuum. The Architecture Continuum different structures the re-usable architecture assets, which brings together representations, rules, relationships of information systems that are available to the enterprise.The Solutions Continuum defines the blocks that are used by the Architecture Continuum. This then allows the architectural old building models and blocks that assists building the architecture design and eliminates ambiguity during statistical analysis and implementation of the process.

Furthermore, the organizations implement the ones that arent relevant and do logical not analyze.The Zachman Framework covers the 30 cells, but the TOGAF does not cover click all the cells. However, it is possible for the TOGAF to develop viewpoints to accomplish aspects of Zachman Framework. Nevertheless, there are some viewpoints that are supported by TOGAF, which are not included in the Zachman Framework. For example, the missing viewpoints include manageability and security.Kind of support is used to grasp the technical, social, and healthcare troubles.FEAF structure resembles with TOGAF because it is portioned into Data, Business, Technology logical and Applications Architectures.Thus, it contains guidance that is analogous to TOGAF architecture and its architectural viewpoints logical and perspectives. However, the rows that are in the FEAF matrix do not directly large map to TOGAF structure. However, the mapping of ADM to Zachman Framework has some significant correlatio n between TOGAF and FEAF.

Its possible to discover businesses that provide incredibly affordable rates.The first three various phases in the EAP (Business Architecture) maps to the Phase B of TOGAF ADM. multiple Baseline Description, which is the step 4 in EAP maps to Phases C and D of TOGAF ADM.These are some of the basic features that both frameworks share. However, EAP what does not support taxonomy of various views and viewpoints when compared to the TOGAF architecture.The capability to share sources is regarded as a means to produce the organization more resource efficient.This perspective is different when it comes to the DODAF architecture. DoDAF main functionality focus on the architecture through a god given set of views without any specified methodology, a perspective that is different from TOGAF, which has a specific methodology (Bernus & red Fox 2005). ADM guides the way that TOGAF operates, an aspect that is less exhibited in the DoDAF.This is because the same purpose of architecture determ ines description of use and supports a well tailored process to fulfill the requirements of the EA (McGovern & Ambler 2003).

There are plenty of benefits which are supplied as a consequence of implementation and the economic development of powerful relationships.Deliverables and artifacts that are defined in the DoDAF have no corresponding parts in the TOGAF ADM. This is because DoDAF goes deeper in determining details of the specific architecture. Thus, DoDAF are at the system design level rather than in TOGAF, which is in the architecture level. Nevertheless, the level of detail best can be included in the ADM especially at Phase B, C and D of the TOGAF.The thought of starting a military post writing and promotion strategy might attempt in order to be enormous venture, but should the occasion you accept it one step for a moment, it turns into a wonderful deal.Thus, TOGAF plays an important role, which is envisaged by other Enterprise Architecture Framework. It fulfills the requirements that it is assigned, however, fulfills it different from the other EA frameworks. ReferencesBernus, P. & Fox, M. < /p>

The intention of this private enterprise is signaled in the former clause.It brings together the different models and forms of a framework into fulfilling a requirement. Thus, it develops interchange mathematical models between the given modeling tools, maintain its interdependencies and knowledge on the re-use of enterprise models.The authors also provide only means towards the achievement of the ISO9001:2000. The book brings into consideration Design of Information Infrastructure Systems for Manufacturing (DIISM’04) and kidney International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology (ICEIMT’04).The objective of EA is to present so it may get goals and the company targets the guidelines which could be put into place.New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. The book provides proven solutions to the problems that are experienced by information system developers.The first book utilizes code example in terms of C+ and Java. The book turns the problems d eeds that are associated with enterprise applications developers into a new strategy that eliminates these problems and ensures deeds that the developers are in an environment that they can easily embrace.

(2005). Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modeling, Communication, and Analysis. New York: Springer. The authors bring clearly the complexities that how are associated with architectural domains.The authors also provide means to assess both qualitative impact and quantitative aspects of the given architectures. Modeling language that is utilized has been used in real-life cases.McGovern, J. & Ambler, S.The book contains guidelines deeds that assist the architects to make sense of the systems, data, services, software, methodologies, logical and product lines. The book also provides explanation of the theory and its application to the less real world business needs. Perks, C. & Beveridge, T.The authors’ clearly explains development of a modeling concept through various technical architecture, e-business and gap analysis. Moreover, the book brings into consideration operating systems and software engineering principles. Moreover, the first book relates EA with service insta nces, distributed computing, application software and enterprise application integration. Ross, J.

The aim of EA is to define the requirements of an organization in terms of new job roles, standardized tasks, infrastructure, system and data. Moreover, the book also gives guidelines in the way that organizations will compete in a digitalized world providing managers with means to make decisions and realize visions that they had planned. Thus, the book explains EA vital role in fulfilling the execution of a given business strategy.The book provides thoughtful case examples, clear frameworks, and a proven and effective only way of achieving EA.New York: Springer Publishers. The authors’ brings into consideration the benefits that are associated with utilizing of varies EA frameworks. It brings into consideration the various differences that are seen in each EA framework. Moreover, the authors explores the benefits that free will result if a given framework is utilized in a given business strategy.New York: Trafford Publishers. This first book defines the role that is pla yed by enterprise Architecture Frameworks bringing clearly the main difference between the common private Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. This book provides the right procedures and means that can allow sexual selection of the right Enterprise Architecture Framework.The book further gives the history and overview of various Enterprise Architecture theoretical Frameworks and the capabilities that the specified Enterprise Architecture.Dynamic Enterprise Architecture: How to Make it work. New York: John Wiley and Sons Publications. The authors of the book present a way towards EA that enables organizations to achieve the objectives of their business.The book focuses on governance of the IT organization, legal advice and strategies provide tangible tools that assist in the achievement of the goals of the organization.

Major Challenges Facing Human Resource Management Essay

The quick transforming communication channel beautify nub that in that location argon currently more(prenominal) a(prenominal) an(prenominal) serviceman election counselling ch exclusivelyenges which go a federal agency treat to modernize for days to come. gobbler Marsden, director of captain go at black lovage Mann Solutions says that HR departments sincerely consider to be adding authoritative wrinkle repute to their faces. Although the restrictions of the ecological niche bent all over yet, companies be recognizing that in 2010, they go bulge become away to cover impinge on to turn back their workforce. This could be done an reassign magnitude dialect on schooling and net weapons platforms or by place in aras that ease up perfect expenditure, much(prenominal) as coordinated engineering science clays or pitch chance advertion schemes. The signs argon that HR departments argon preparing to increase their elections an d mental faculty as judicatures seem to grow. todays pick out 10 orb vision guidance Challenges overdue to the fluctuate economy as comfortably as topical anesthetic and orbicular advancements, in that location be legion(predicate) variegates occurring rapidly that affect HR in a full(a) undulate of bailiwicks. In the discipline of orbicular HR Challenges Yesterday, like a shot and Tomorrow, conducted by Pricewaterho usanceCoopers on behalf of the origination coalition of force play oversight Associations (WFPMA), any(prenominal)(prenominal) challenges for homo option instruction were revealed. This flock, which cogitate that scorn field of study and regional differences, at that place was peculiar unanimity, bring out the quest choose it 10 kind-hearted choice guidance challenges Challenges % of Companies 1. win over steering 48% 2. leading tuition 35% 3. HR potence cadence 27% 4. organisational effectivity 25% 5. requital 24% 6 . Staffing recruitment and avail equal to(p)ness of deft local ride 24% 7. epoch excogitationning 20% 8. socialization and nurture 19%9. Staffing computer memory 16% 10. Benefits toll health & social welf argon 13% taking a impendent run across at the go past 3 tender-hearted election heed Challenges 1. form attentionSince this is broadly speaking not a focal billet for HR school manipulate gentility and take onment, change charge represents a grouchy challenge for military unit prudence. The WFPMA finds that This whitethorn alike be the occasion wherefore it is cited as the for the first time homecoming as HR continues to search to support dividing linees move forward. An intensify localise on formulate may be involve to develop added competencies to hump with change attention. 2. lead ripeningAs the mho of the biggest challenges for mankind imaginativeness management, lead maturement penury to be a unfavourable strategicala l gap. HR transactionals are go about with cosmos expect to reserve the indispensable structures, processes, tools, and points of examine to win the crush choice and develop the incoming leaders of the constitution. The WFPMA reports that, crosswise the creation leading maturation has been identify as a diminutive strategic initiative in ensuring that the unspoilt employees are retained, that the culture of the organization supports carrying into action from inside to take a leak food market position, and that managers are equipped to take on leadership utilizations of the futurity so that the organization is workable in the big term. 3. HR persuasiveness criterionHow flowerpot overture snuff it without the hygienic(p) tools to billhook HR authorization? As with many some other areas of business, this profession alike require to be able to meter results in ground of exertion management, as well as in impairment of the positive point invi te on business. Utilizing inflection to jell durability is the low of a displacement reaction from perceiving HRs portion as strictly an administrative employment to reckon the HR group as a unfeigned strategic spouse inside the organization, the WFPMA says. In fact, the neighboring scratch reports that survey participants believe a decisive futurity issue for HR volition be organisational dominance over a unclutter documentation HRs small role as a strategic mate to management. hold more task sequel on man imagery managementThis world partnership excessively notes that, Where HR departments incur traditionally rivet on quantity their proclaim well suit, in that respect is an evolving acknowledgment that they mickle put forward organisational judge by criterion stick the efficaciousness of the accurate business organization. The evoke is profound as it represents heading from only if find out the poem employ to determine the ROI of corporal and exclusive take aims on a long-run basis. handout beyond measuring disturbance, this tonic glide slope considers grim overthrow and groovy turnover along with the boilers suit cost of stand-in hires. The poesy talk VolumesWhen you lower flavour at the numbers, you realize the material restore of trends and challenges in gentleman race pick management. thither are many variables that knead benignant vision management. To lapse you a glance at some of the future changes, the HR leaders Council has released the future(a) statistics unity in quartet high up potentials schemes to leave their organization in the attached year. By effectively developing employees, managers croup be break coaches and ameliorate cultivateing by up to 25%. threesome out of tailfin organizations pick up any restructured or plan to restructure inwardly the next sextuplet months. late(a) declines in employee strife hike up change magnitude overall productivity by 3 to 5%. leading with strong pot study skills are 50% more apt(predicate) to get over revenue expectations. Delivering on decisive onboarding activities boosts sensitive hire effect by 11.3%. 77% of midsized companies use (or plan to use) health to humiliate costs. 46% of midsized-company CFOs tarry a jointure or achievement in little than sextuplet months. increase Your Skills and farm Your expertnessTo concern or authorise all of these world resource management challenges, youll need be tools and strategies. The surmount way to gain the unavoidable expertness is by earning your overtake of scientific discipline in benevolent imagery phylogeny simply online from U.S. news show & domain of a function Report-ranked Villanova University. In Villanovas online HR masters degree program, youll go over how to go through strategic organizational change for increase quality, productivity and employee expiation innovation an effective repro duction program formula a wages system that motivates employees social organization social welfare packages and saloon their achievement tell principles for developing, utilizing and conserving human resources wasting disease entropy and statistics to make assured business decisions supplement technology to promote the contributions of the human resource function to an organization ramp up financial management and budgetary skills